Factors Determining the Occurrence of Pregnancy in Adolescents

Abstract

Adolescent pregnancy remains a major reproductive health problem worldwide and is associated with substantial health and social consequences for both mother and child. Globally, a considerable proportion of girls give birth before the age of 18, and Indonesia continues to report relatively high rates. This study aimed to analyze the determinants and consequences of adolescent pregnancy based on evidence from recent studies. This study used a literature review design. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using Boolean search strategies. Publications from 2021–2025 were screened using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in eligible studies for synthesis. The findings indicate that adolescent pregnancy is influenced by multiple interacting factors, including low education, limited reproductive health knowledge, poor socioeconomic conditions, early marriage, family and peer influence, media exposure, and risky behaviors such as substance use. Adolescent pregnancy is also associated with adverse outcomes, including maternal complications, low birth weight, prematurity, and increased risk of stunting, as well as social consequences such as school dropout.

In conclusion, adolescent pregnancy is shaped by complex structural and behavioral determinants. Comprehensive prevention strategies involving early reproductive health education, youth-friendly health services, family and school involvement, and policies addressing education and social protection are essential to reduce its incidence.

Keywords: adolescent pregnancy; determinants; reproductive health; adolescent